What You Need to Apply
Degrees, transcripts, recommendations, statement of purpose, research experience, and more.
PhD applications require more materials than undergraduate or Master's applications. Programs want to see evidence that you can conduct original research and contribute to your field.
Bachelor's or Master's Degree#
You need at least a bachelor's degree to apply for a PhD. Some programs prefer or require a Master's degree, but many accept students directly from undergraduate programs. Check each program's requirements.
Your degree does not need to be from America. Degrees from universities around the world are accepted. If your degree is from a non-American university, some programs may require credential evaluation to verify it is equivalent to an American degree.
Transcripts#
You need official transcripts from every university you have attended. Transcripts show all the courses you took and the grades you received. Request official transcripts from your university's registrar office. If your transcripts are not in English, you may need certified translations.
Strong grades are important, especially in courses related to your intended field of study. However, PhD programs also value research experience and other qualifications, so less-than-perfect grades can be overcome with other strengths.
Letters of Recommendation#
Most PhD programs require three letters of recommendation. These should come from professors who know your academic work and research potential. If you have worked in research labs, a letter from your research supervisor is valuable. If you have professional experience relevant to your field, a letter from a supervisor can also be appropriate.
The best letters are specific and detailed. They describe your intellectual abilities, your research skills, your work ethic, and your potential for success in a PhD program. Choose recommenders who know you well and can speak to your abilities in depth.
Give your recommenders at least two months to write their letters. Provide them with your CV, your statement of purpose, and information about the programs you are applying to.
Statement of Purpose#
The statement of purpose is the most important part of your PhD application. This essay explains your research interests, why you want to pursue a PhD, why you are interested in this specific program, and what experiences have prepared you for doctoral study.
Your statement should demonstrate that you understand what a PhD involves. It should show that you have specific research questions you want to explore. It should explain why this particular program and its faculty are a good fit for your interests.
Be specific. Name faculty members whose research aligns with yours. Describe specific research projects or methods that interest you. Explain how your past experiences (research, coursework, work) have prepared you for this work.
Research Experience#
Research experience is critical for PhD applications. Programs want evidence that you can conduct original research because that is what you will do for the next four to six years.
Research experience might include working in a professor's lab during your undergraduate or Master's studies, completing a thesis or research project, working as a research assistant at a research institution or company, or publishing papers or presenting at conferences.
If you have limited research experience, find ways to gain some before applying. Volunteer in a research lab. Work on an independent project. Assist a professor with their research. Even a few months of research experience demonstrates your interest and capability.
CV or Resume#
Prepare a CV (curriculum vitae) listing your education, research experience, publications (if any), presentations, teaching experience, awards, and relevant skills. An academic CV can be longer than a business resume. Include everything relevant to your academic qualifications.
Writing Sample#
Some programs, especially in humanities and social sciences, require a writing sample. This is usually an academic paper you have written, such as a thesis chapter, a research paper from a course, or a published article. The writing sample demonstrates your ability to construct arguments, analyze evidence, and write at a scholarly level.
English Proficiency#
If English is not your first language, you will need to demonstrate English proficiency through the TOEFL or IELTS exam. Competitive programs typically expect TOEFL scores of 100+ or IELTS scores of 7.0+. Some programs may waive this requirement if you have studied in English for several years or hold a degree from an English-language institution.
GRE (Often Not Required)#
Many PhD programs have eliminated the GRE requirement. The programs listed in this guide do not require the GRE. However, some programs still require or recommend it. Check each program's requirements. If a program requires the GRE and you have strong scores, submit them. If the GRE is optional and your scores are not strong, consider not submitting.
Application Fee#
Most programs charge an application fee of $75 to $150. Many schools offer fee waivers for applicants with financial need. Check each program's website for fee waiver information, or contact the admissions office directly.
Related Videos#
Chapter Quiz
Answer all questions correctly to unlock the next chapter.
1. How many letters of recommendation do most PhD programs require?
2. What is the most important part of your PhD application?
3. What TOEFL score do competitive PhD programs typically expect?